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- <text id=91TT1864>
- <title>
- Aug. 19, 1991: The Uses of Monsters
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- Aug. 19, 1991 Hostages:Why Now? Who's Next?
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- ESSAY, Page 66
- The Uses of Monsters
- </hdr><body>
- <p>By Howard G. Chua-Eoan
- </p>
- <p> Aghast, we cover our faces, confused and unable to choose
- between expressions of disgust and nervous laughter. What a
- surprise...who could have imagined...such horror. There
- is a moment of black epiphany at the revelation of a
- particularly heinous crime--a moment that is both oracular and
- inexpressible. Statistics and forensic minutiae will eventually
- move in to cloud our vision. And the incessant patter of news
- updates will inevitably numb us, pushing onward the boundaries
- of our tolerance for atrocity. But in the beginning, as we make
- out the shape of the crime, as we see it unfolding like some
- putrid flower, one word sputters to our lips: "Monster." The
- word applies whether the alleged criminal is a killer-cannibal
- in Wisconsin who has confessed to murdering and dismembering 17
- victims or 39 schoolboys in Kenya arrested for the rape of 71
- of their female classmates and the murder of 19 others.
- </p>
- <p> The choice of word is instructive. Its image is not its
- origin. Monster conjures up a three-headed Cerberus at the gates
- of Hades. Etymologically, however, the word has few frills. It
- is related to demonstrate and to remonstrate, and ultimately
- comes from the Latin monstrum, an omen portending the will of
- the gods, which is itself linked to the verb monere, to warn. If
- a city sinned against heaven, heaven sent it a monster. One can
- argue that the Sphinx, who confronted travelers to Thebes with
- her famous riddle, was born of some Oedipal crime and performed
- an important, if carnivorous, role in the balance of the
- ethical ecosystem. Monsters, therefore, were created to teach
- lessons. And they can still be pedagogical--even in an age
- that no longer believes in the gods or their messengers. Our
- misfortune is that monsters need not look monstrous. Hence,
- schoolboys in Africa. Hence, Jeffrey Dahmer in Milwaukee, who,
- with his strong cheekbones and broad shoulders, is not some
- finny Creature from the Black Lagoon.
- </p>
- <p> If Dahmer and the schoolboys are monsters, what lessons do
- they point to? Kenyan society is searching for reasons for its
- nightmare. Was it "abominable male chauvinism," as a local
- journalist put it, that brought on the crime? The boys, it
- seemed, were taking revenge on the girls for their refusal to
- join them in a quarrel with school officials. The logic: it is
- all right to rape women--to kill them even--if they do not
- obey male authority. The ability to inflict violence is the
- proof of power. There is a "logic" too to Dahmer's crime. Raised
- in a culture that condoned racial prejudice and despised
- homosexuals, Dahmer appeared to believe he could preserve a
- place in mainstream society--with all its furtive hopes of
- family, friends and future--by destroying the evidence of his
- homosexuality. He killed his "lovers"--mostly blacks--dismembered them, and may, in some cases, have devoured their
- remains. Crime is a logical, if messy, quick fix to the
- shortcomings of society.
- </p>
- <p> Is that the lesson then? That we get the criminals our
- societies deserve? Yes, of course. But the other question to be
- asked is, Do we ever remember the lessons? The strong emotions
- of pity and sorrow brought on by horror can have a tonic
- effect, thus the Aristotelian theory of tragic catharsis. But
- very often, we inure ourselves to the terrible. For one, we can
- choose to misread the implication. In Milwaukee, for example,
- public reaction has included the harassment of local gays, the
- very community victimized by Dahmer. A Wisconsin gay activist
- reports receiving a phone message saying, "You got what you
- deserved. You're going to get more of it."
- </p>
- <p> Modernity too has provided a handyman's bag of tools to
- explain crime. Reasons range from an excess of chemically
- imbalanced junk food affecting the brain and judgment, to the
- violent climate engendered by certain movies, to governments
- failing their impoverished citizens. While some of these provide
- illumination, they can distance us from the crime. The initial
- moment of revelation, the strange intimation that perhaps "I too
- have sinned and somehow share in this carnage," that
- responsibility is dissipated. Economics, sociology and
- psychology enter. The crime deflates to a manageable size, one
- that justice can work on and prisons can hide. The criminal is
- buried, the atrocity tucked away.
- </p>
- <p> Can a rationalizing modernity then be so different from
- 15th century France? Gilles de Rais, a comrade in arms of St.
- Joan of Arc, was one of the most famous soldiers in the Hundred
- Years War. But he used his power as a feudal lord to commit
- multiple murders with impunity. In satanic rites he sacrificed
- innumerable peasant children to the devil, sodomizing their
- dying bodies and preserving the heads of the "pretty" ones. In
- his book The Trial of Gilles de Rais, French historian Georges
- Bataille noted incredulously that the man given to butchering
- infants calmly raised a chapel dedicated to the Holy Innocents--the children slaughtered in Bethlehem by Herod. Yet at his
- execution Gilles de Rais exhibited so much remorse that the
- crowd gathered to witness the death of a monster was completely
- confused. How could God not forgive such devout penitence? It
- is the Bible, after all, that promises, "Though your sins be as
- scarlet, they shall be as white as snow."
- </p>
- <p> That is the final weapon of monsters: they beguile us with
- our own frailty. By way of science or theology, arguments
- Pavlovian or Paulinian, we diminish their horrors as we seek
- guarantees of forgiveness for our own capacity for error. We do
- this even though we know that humanity's "errors"--our bigotry
- or anger or lust or selfishness or greed--will go on churning
- out the accursed creatures. Like our forebears, we have got in
- the habit of monsters. If we are to escape their terror, we must
- not distort their significance. If they frighten us, we must
- remember why. Otherwise, monstrum and remonstrance fade from
- memory, and we gain not even the awful lesson about the darkness
- that we must each live with and subdue.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
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